import math

import cv2
import numpy as np

from .algorithms import (
    ProcessingError,
    bit_plane,
    box_filter,
    contrast_stretch,
    gamma,
    gray_slice,
    gray_to_rgb,
    histogram_equalization,
    logarithmic,
    negative,
    normalize_to_uint8,
    to_gray,
    weighted_average,
    median_filter,
    high_boost,
    ensure_uint8,
)


CH_BASIC = "Basic"
CH3 = "Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain"
CH4 = "Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain"
CH6 = "Color Image Processing"


def with_meta(schema, *, label=None, description=None, show_when=None):
    """Attach frontend display metadata to a parameter schema."""

    if label:
        schema["label"] = label
    if description:
        schema["description"] = description
    if show_when:
        schema["show_when"] = show_when
    return schema


def odd_param(default=3, max_value=35, **meta):
    """Build a schema for odd-valued mask parameters such as K or N."""

    return with_meta({"type": "int", "default": default, "min": 3, "max": max_value, "step": 2, "odd": True}, **meta)


def float_param(default, min_value, max_value, step=0.1, **meta):
    """Build a schema for a floating-point slider/input parameter."""

    return with_meta({"type": "float", "default": default, "min": min_value, "max": max_value, "step": step}, **meta)


def int_param(default, min_value, max_value, step=1, **meta):
    """Build a schema for an integer slider/input parameter."""

    return with_meta({"type": "int", "default": default, "min": min_value, "max": max_value, "step": step}, **meta)


def select_param(default, choices, **meta):
    """Build a schema for a dropdown/select parameter."""

    return with_meta({"type": "select", "default": default, "choices": choices}, **meta)


def bool_param(default=False, **meta):
    """Build a schema for a boolean/toggle parameter."""

    return with_meta({"type": "bool", "default": default}, **meta)


def kernel_preview(title, matrix, scale=None):
    """Describe a single matrix preview shown beside an operation."""

    return {"title": title, "matrix": matrix, "scale": scale}


def kernel_pair_preview(title, gx, gy):
    """Describe related Gx/Gy derivative masks shown as one preview."""

    return {"title": title, "kernels": [{"label": "Gx", "matrix": gx}, {"label": "Gy", "matrix": gy}]}


def mask_param(default=3, max_value=35, label="Mask size"):
    """Build the common odd window-size parameter used by order-statistic filters."""

    schema = odd_param(default, max_value)
    schema["label"] = label
    return schema


def histeq(image, params):
    """Apply MATLAB-style histogram equalization to grayscale or RGB channels.

    Use it to automatically improve global contrast without manually choosing gray-level limits.
    """

    if image.ndim == 2:
        return histogram_equalization(image, params)
    channels = [histogram_equalization(image[:, :, idx], params)[:, :, 0] for idx in range(3)]
    return np.stack(channels, axis=2).astype(np.uint8)


def rgb_to_gray_matlab(image, params):
    """Convert RGB to grayscale using configurable MATLAB-style channel weights.

    Use it before intensity-based processing when color is not needed or when matching MATLAB examples.
    """

    if image.ndim == 2:
        return image
    red_weight = float(params.get("red_weight", 0.299))
    green_weight = float(params.get("green_weight", 0.587))
    blue_weight = float(params.get("blue_weight", 0.114))
    total = red_weight + green_weight + blue_weight
    if not np.isfinite(total) or math.isclose(total, 0.0):
        raise ProcessingError("Grayscale weights must have a non-zero finite sum.")
    weights = np.array([red_weight, green_weight, blue_weight], dtype=np.float32) / total
    gray = np.tensordot(image.astype(np.float32), weights, axes=([2], [0]))
    return ensure_uint8(np.round(gray))


def gaussian_noise(image, params):
    """Add Gaussian noise, g = f + n, where n has configurable mean and variance.

    Use it to simulate sensor-like random noise before testing smoothing filters.
    """

    mean = float(params.get("mean", 0))
    variance = float(params.get("variance", 0.01))
    sigma = math.sqrt(max(variance, 0.0)) * 255.0
    noise = np.random.default_rng().normal(mean * 255.0, sigma, size=image.shape)
    return ensure_uint8(np.round(image.astype(np.float32) + noise))


def salt_pepper_noise(image, params):
    """Add impulse noise by randomly replacing pixels with black or white values.

    Use it to test order-statistic denoising, especially the median filter.
    """

    amount = float(params.get("amount", 0.03))
    salt_ratio = float(params.get("salt_ratio", 0.5))
    output = image.copy()
    rng = np.random.default_rng()
    mask = rng.random(image.shape[:2])
    salt = mask < amount * salt_ratio
    pepper = (mask >= amount * salt_ratio) & (mask < amount)
    output[salt] = 255
    output[pepper] = 0
    return output


def noise_filter(image, params):
    """Dispatch the selected noise model from the single public Noise Filter operation.

    Use it to keep noise experiments in one UI action while changing only the noise type.
    """

    kind = params.get("kind", "gaussian")
    if kind == "salt_pepper":
        return salt_pepper_noise(image, params)
    return gaussian_noise(image, params)


def average_noisy_copies(image, params):
    """Generate N Gaussian-noisy copies of one image and average them into one result.

    Use it to demonstrate how averaging many independent noisy observations reduces random Gaussian noise.
    """

    count = int(params.get("N", 100))
    if count < 1 or count > 500:
        raise ProcessingError("N must be between 1 and 500.")
    kind = params.get("kind", "gaussian")
    if kind != "gaussian":
        raise ProcessingError("Only gaussian noise is supported for noisy-copy averaging.")
    mean = float(params.get("mean", 0))
    variance = float(params.get("variance", 0.01))
    if not np.isfinite(mean) or not np.isfinite(variance) or variance < 0:
        raise ProcessingError("Gaussian mean must be finite and variance must be non-negative.")

    rng = np.random.default_rng()
    sigma = math.sqrt(variance) * 255.0
    source = image.astype(np.float32)
    total = np.zeros_like(source, dtype=np.float32)
    for _ in range(count):
        noise = rng.normal(mean * 255.0, sigma, size=image.shape)
        total += np.clip(source + noise, 0, 255)
    return ensure_uint8(np.round(total / count))


def periodic_noise(image, params):
    """Add sinusoidal periodic noise controlled by amplitude A and period T.

    Use it to reproduce lecture examples where repeating row/column patterns create visible frequency spikes.
    """

    amplitude = float(params.get("A", 0.2))
    period = float(params.get("T", 100))
    if not np.isfinite(amplitude) or not np.isfinite(period) or period <= 0:
        raise ProcessingError("A must be finite and T must be a finite positive number.")

    height, width = image.shape[:2]
    y = np.arange(height, dtype=np.float32)[:, None]
    x = np.arange(width, dtype=np.float32)[None, :]
    mask = amplitude * np.sin(2.0 * math.pi * y / period) + amplitude * np.sin(2.0 * math.pi * x / period)

    source = image.astype(np.float32) / 255.0
    if image.ndim == 3:
        mask = mask[:, :, None]
    noisy = np.clip(source + mask, 0.0, 1.0)
    return ensure_uint8(np.round(noisy * 255.0))


def gaussian_filter(image, params):
    """Apply a Gaussian low-pass filter controlled by mask size K and variance Q.

    Use it to reduce Gaussian noise with a smoother, more natural blur than a box filter.
    """

    size = int(params.get("K", params.get("size", 3)))
    variance = float(params.get("Q", params.get("variance", 1.0)))
    if size < 3 or size % 2 == 0:
        raise ProcessingError("K must be an odd integer >= 3.")
    sigma = math.sqrt(max(variance, 1e-8))
    return cv2.GaussianBlur(image, (size, size), sigmaX=sigma, sigmaY=sigma, borderType=cv2.BORDER_REFLECT)


def max_filter(image, params):
    """Apply a max filter that replaces each pixel with the local neighborhood maximum.

    Use it to expand bright regions or reduce isolated dark pepper noise.
    """

    size = int(params.get("mask_size", params.get("N", params.get("size", 3))))
    if size < 3 or size % 2 == 0:
        raise ProcessingError("Mask size must be an odd integer >= 3.")
    return cv2.dilate(image, np.ones((size, size), np.uint8))


def min_filter(image, params):
    """Apply a min filter that replaces each pixel with the local neighborhood minimum.

    Use it to expand dark regions or reduce isolated bright salt noise.
    """

    size = int(params.get("mask_size", params.get("N", params.get("size", 3))))
    if size < 3 or size % 2 == 0:
        raise ProcessingError("Mask size must be an odd integer >= 3.")
    return cv2.erode(image, np.ones((size, size), np.uint8))


def box_denoise(image, params):
    """Apply the average/box filter using a K x K normalized mask.

    Use it as the simplest low-pass filter for smoothing and basic noise reduction.
    """

    return box_filter(image, {"size": params.get("K", params.get("mask_size", params.get("size", 3)))})


def weighted_denoise(image, params):
    """Apply the fixed 3 x 3 weighted average filter with 1/16 normalization.

    Use it when you want mild smoothing that keeps the center pixel more important.
    """

    return weighted_average(image, {"size": 3})


def median_denoise(image, params):
    """Apply median filtering with an odd local window, useful for salt-and-pepper noise.

    Use it when impulse noise appears as random black and white pixels.
    """

    return median_filter(image, {"size": params.get("mask_size", params.get("N", params.get("size", 3)))})


def gaussian_denoise(image, params):
    """Apply Gaussian smoothing using K for mask size and Q for variance.

    Use it for denoising random Gaussian noise while avoiding the blocky look of a box filter.
    """

    size = params.get("K", params.get("mask_size", params.get("size", 3)))
    variance = params.get("Q", params.get("variance", 1.0))
    return gaussian_filter(image, {"K": size, "Q": variance})


def high_boost_slide(image, params):
    """Apply high-boost filtering with slide-style parameters A and K.

    Use it to make edges and fine structures stronger after smoothing has removed the low-frequency background.
    """

    return high_boost(image, {"amplification": params.get("A", params.get("amplification", 1.5)), "size": params.get("K", params.get("size", 3))})


def laplacian_slide(image, params):
    """Sharpen with one of the two taught Laplacian sharpening masks.

    Use it to highlight fine detail with the same cross or diagonal masks shown in the slides.
    """

    mask_name = params.get("mask", "cross")
    kernels = {
        "cross": np.array([[0, 1, 0], [1, -5, 1], [0, 1, 0]], dtype=np.float32),
        "diagonal": np.array([[1, 1, 1], [1, -9, 1], [1, 1, 1]], dtype=np.float32),
    }
    kernel = kernels.get(mask_name)
    if kernel is None:
        raise ProcessingError("Unknown Laplacian mask.")
    if image.ndim == 2:
        return ensure_uint8(cv2.filter2D(image.astype(np.float32), cv2.CV_32F, kernel, borderType=cv2.BORDER_REFLECT))
    channels = [cv2.filter2D(image[:, :, idx], cv2.CV_32F, kernel, borderType=cv2.BORDER_REFLECT) for idx in range(image.shape[2])]
    result = np.stack(channels, axis=2)
    return ensure_uint8(result)


def gradient_abs_sum(image, params):
    """Compute Sobel or Roberts edges as abs(imfilter(f,Gx)) + abs(imfilter(f,Gy)).

    Use it to emphasize prominent edges before combining them with a sharpened image.
    """

    grayscale_input = image.ndim == 2
    operator = params.get("operator", "sobel")
    gray = to_gray(image).astype(np.float32)
    if operator == "roberts":
        gx = np.array([[-1, 0], [0, 1]], dtype=np.float32)
        gy = np.array([[0, -1], [1, 0]], dtype=np.float32)
    else:
        gx = np.array([[-1, -2, -1], [0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 1]], dtype=np.float32)
        gy = np.array([[-1, 0, 1], [-2, 0, 2], [-1, 0, 1]], dtype=np.float32)
    fx = cv2.filter2D(gray, cv2.CV_32F, gx, borderType=cv2.BORDER_REFLECT)
    fy = cv2.filter2D(gray, cv2.CV_32F, gy, borderType=cv2.BORDER_REFLECT)
    gradient = normalize_to_uint8(np.abs(fx) + np.abs(fy))
    return gradient if grayscale_input else gray_to_rgb(gradient)


def rgb_channel(image, params):
    """Extract one RGB channel and show it as a grayscale image.

    Use it to inspect how much information each color component contributes.
    """

    if image.ndim == 2:
        return image
    channel = params.get("channel", "r")
    index = {"r": 0, "g": 1, "b": 2}.get(channel, 0)
    return gray_to_rgb(image[:, :, index])


def fft_spectrum(image, params):
    """Display the DFT log-magnitude spectrum of an image.

    Use it to understand whether image information is concentrated in low or high frequencies.
    """

    gray = to_gray(image).astype(np.float32)
    spectrum = np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fft2(gray))
    magnitude = np.log1p(np.abs(spectrum))
    return gray_to_rgb(normalize_to_uint8(magnitude))


def inverse_fft_reconstruction(image, params):
    """Placeholder for inverse FFT reconstruction from a saved FFT state.

    The service layer handles this operation because it needs the complex FFT data saved by the FFT action.
    """

    raise ProcessingError("Inverse FFT Reconstruction must be applied to an FFT/DFT Spectrum View state.")


def operation(id, label, chapter, slide_group, func, params=None, supports="both", matrices=None, formula="", repeatable=True):
    """Create one operation registry entry consumed by the API and frontend."""

    return {
        "id": id,
        "label": label,
        "chapter": chapter,
        "slide_group": slide_group,
        "params": params or {},
        "supports": supports,
        "matrices": matrices or [],
        "formula": formula,
        "repeatable": repeatable,
        "func": func,
    }


OPERATIONS = [
    operation("histeq", "Histogram Equalization", CH_BASIC, "Histogram", histeq, formula="Default histeq: map gray levels by the cumulative histogram CDF.", repeatable=False),
    operation("negative", "Negative", CH3, "Point Processing", negative, formula="s = 255 - r", repeatable=False),
    operation("log", "Log", CH3, "Point Processing", logarithmic, {"c": float_param(1.44, 0.1, 5, 0.05, description="Scale factor in s = c log(1 + r).")}, formula="s = c log(1 + r)", repeatable=False),
    operation("gamma", "Power-Law / Gamma", CH3, "Point Processing", gamma, {"gamma": float_param(1.0, 0.1, 5, 0.05, description="Exponent gamma in s = c r^gamma."), "c": float_param(1.0, 0.1, 3, 0.05, description="Scale factor c in s = c r^gamma.")}, formula="s = c r^gamma", repeatable=False),
    operation("contrast_stretch", "Gray-Level Dynamic Range", CH3, "Piecewise Linear", contrast_stretch, {"low": int_param(30, 0, 254, description="Input gray level mapped toward 0."), "high": int_param(220, 1, 255, description="Input gray level mapped toward 255.")}, formula="Stretch [low, high] to [0, 255].", repeatable=False),
    operation("gray_slice", "Gray-Level Slicing", CH3, "Piecewise Linear", gray_slice, {"start": int_param(96, 0, 255, description="Lower bound A of highlighted range [A, B]."), "end": int_param(160, 0, 255, description="Upper bound B of highlighted range [A, B]."), "preserve_background": bool_param(True, description="Keep original background outside [A, B].")}, formula="Highlight gray range A <= r <= B.", repeatable=False),
    operation("bit_plane", "Bit-Plane Slicing", CH3, "Piecewise Linear", bit_plane, {"bit": int_param(7, 0, 7, description="Bit plane index, 0 least significant through 7 most significant.")}, formula="Output bit k of each gray level.", repeatable=False),
    operation("noise_filter", "Noise Filter", CH3, "Noise and Denoising", noise_filter, {
        "kind": select_param("gaussian", ["gaussian", "salt_pepper"], description="Select the noise model."),
        "mean": float_param(0, -1, 1, 0.01, description="Gaussian mean in normalized intensity units.", show_when={"param": "kind", "value": "gaussian"}),
        "variance": float_param(0.01, 0, 0.2, 0.005, description="Gaussian variance; sigma = sqrt(variance).", show_when={"param": "kind", "value": "gaussian"}),
        "amount": float_param(0.03, 0, 0.5, 0.01, description="Salt-and-pepper probability per pixel.", show_when={"param": "kind", "value": "salt_pepper"}),
        "salt_ratio": float_param(0.5, 0, 1, 0.05, description="Fraction of impulse noise assigned to salt.", show_when={"param": "kind", "value": "salt_pepper"}),
    }, formula="Gaussian: g=f+n. Salt-pepper: pixels become 0 or 255."),
    operation("average_noisy_copies", "Average N Noisy Copies", CH3, "Noise and Denoising", average_noisy_copies, {
        "N": int_param(100, 1, 500, description="Number of independent noisy copies to generate and average."),
        "kind": select_param("gaussian", ["gaussian"], description="Noise type used for generated copies."),
        "mean": float_param(0, -1, 1, 0.01, description="Gaussian mean in normalized intensity units."),
        "variance": float_param(0.01, 0, 0.2, 0.005, description="Gaussian variance; lower values add weaker noise."),
    }, formula="result = (1/N) sum_i (f + n_i), with gaussian n_i.", repeatable=False),
    operation("periodic_noise", "Periodic Noise", CH3, "Noise and Denoising", periodic_noise, {
        "A": float_param(0.2, 0, 1, 0.01, description="Amplitude A of the sinusoidal noise in normalized intensity units."),
        "T": float_param(100, 1, 512, 1, description="Period T of the horizontal and vertical sinusoidal noise in pixels."),
    }, formula="g(x,y) = f(x,y) + A sin(2*pi*y/T) + A sin(2*pi*x/T)."),
    operation("box_filter", "Average / Box Filter", CH3, "Linear Low-Pass Filters", box_denoise, {"K": odd_param(3, 35, description="Odd mask dimension K for the K x K average mask.")}, matrices=[kernel_preview("1 / K^2 box mask", [["1", "1", "1"], ["1", "1", "1"], ["1", "1", "1"]], "1 / K^2")], formula="g = imfilter(f, ones(K,K)/K^2)"),
    operation("weighted_average", "Weighted Average Filter", CH3, "Linear Low-Pass Filters", weighted_denoise, matrices=[kernel_preview("Weighted average mask", [[1, 2, 1], [2, 4, 2], [1, 2, 1]], "1 / 16")], formula="g = imfilter(f, weighted mask)"),
    operation("gaussian_filter", "Gaussian Filter", CH3, "Linear Low-Pass Filters", gaussian_denoise, {"K": odd_param(3, 35, description="Odd Gaussian mask dimension K."), "Q": float_param(1.0, 0.01, 25, 0.1, description="Variance Q of the Gaussian mask.")}, formula="Gaussian mask controlled by K and variance Q."),
    operation("median_filter", "Median Filter", CH3, "Order-Statistics Filters", median_denoise, {"mask_size": mask_param(3, 25, "Window size")}, formula="g(x,y) = median of neighborhood."),
    operation("max_filter", "Max Filter", CH3, "Order-Statistics Filters", max_filter, {"mask_size": mask_param(3, 25, "Window size")}, formula="g(x,y) = max of neighborhood."),
    operation("min_filter", "Min Filter", CH3, "Order-Statistics Filters", min_filter, {"mask_size": mask_param(3, 25, "Window size")}, formula="g(x,y) = min of neighborhood."),
    operation("laplacian_slide", "Laplacian Sharpening Masks", CH3, "Sharpening Spatial Filters", laplacian_slide, {"mask": select_param("cross", ["cross", "diagonal"], description="Choose one of the taught sharpening masks.")}, matrices=[
        kernel_preview("Sharpening cross mask", [[0, 1, 0], [1, -5, 1], [0, 1, 0]]),
        kernel_preview("Sharpening diagonal mask", [[1, 1, 1], [1, -9, 1], [1, 1, 1]]),
    ], formula="Sharpen with selected Laplacian mask."),
    operation("gradient_abs_sum", "Gradient Operators", CH3, "Gradient Operator", gradient_abs_sum, {"operator": select_param("sobel", ["sobel", "roberts"], description="Choose Gx/Gy pair.")}, matrices=[
        kernel_pair_preview("Roberts Cross-Gradient", [[-1, 0], [0, 1]], [[0, -1], [1, 0]]),
        kernel_pair_preview("Sobel", [[-1, -2, -1], [0, 0, 0], [1, 2, 1]], [[-1, 0, 1], [-2, 0, 2], [-1, 0, 1]]),
    ], formula="Gradient image = abs(imfilter(f,Gx)) + abs(imfilter(f,Gy))."),
    operation("high_boost", "High-Boost / Edge Emphasis", CH3, "High-Boost Filtering", high_boost_slide, {"A": float_param(1.5, 1, 6, 0.1, description="Boost factor A, where A >= 1."), "K": odd_param(3, 35, description="Odd averaging mask size used for the blurred image.")}, formula="f_hb = A f - blurred(f)."),
    operation("fft_spectrum", "FFT/DFT Spectrum View", CH4, "DFT and FFT", fft_spectrum, formula="Display log(1 + |fftshift(fft2(f))|).", repeatable=False),
    operation("inverse_fft_reconstruction", "Inverse FFT Reconstruction", CH4, "DFT and FFT", inverse_fft_reconstruction, formula="f = real(ifft2(ifftshift(F))). Apply this to an FFT/DFT Spectrum View state.", repeatable=False),
    operation("rgb_to_gray", "Convert to Grayscale", CH6, "Color Conversion", rgb_to_gray_matlab, {"red_weight": float_param(0.299, 0, 1, 0.001, description="R coefficient in gray = aR + bG + cB."), "green_weight": float_param(0.587, 0, 1, 0.001, description="G coefficient in gray = aR + bG + cB."), "blue_weight": float_param(0.114, 0, 1, 0.001, description="B coefficient in gray = aR + bG + cB.")}, formula="gray = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B by default.", repeatable=False),
    operation("rgb_channel", "RGB Channel View", CH6, "RGB color model", rgb_channel, {"channel": select_param("r", ["r", "g", "b"], description="Select the RGB channel to view.")}, formula="Show one RGB channel as grayscale.", repeatable=False),
]

OPERATION_MAP = {item["id"]: item for item in OPERATIONS}


def operation_metadata():
    """Return public operation definitions without executable Python callables."""

    return [{key: value for key, value in item.items() if key != "func"} for item in OPERATIONS]


def apply_registered_operation(image, operation_id, params=None):
    """Apply one registered operation, optionally repeating it with the hidden _repeat value.

    Use repetition to apply the same filter several times in one saved state.
    """

    item = OPERATION_MAP.get(operation_id)
    if item is None:
        raise ProcessingError(f"Unsupported operation '{operation_id}'.")
    operation_params = dict(params or {})
    repeat_count = int(operation_params.pop("_repeat", 1))
    if repeat_count < 1 or repeat_count > 20:
        raise ProcessingError("N must be between 1 and 20.")
    result = ensure_uint8(image)
    for _ in range(repeat_count):
        result = ensure_uint8(item["func"](result, operation_params))
    return result