Replace the SIMD-dependent WebAssembly fallback with source-built libvips and Sharp. Pin the libvips archive checksum, use baseline x86-64 compiler flags, retain the native binding and runtime libraries, and check JPEG/PNG/WebP processing before compilation and in the runtime image.
Lint, type checking, and content/security tests passed. Full Docker verification was stopped at the user request; production build and baseline CPU runtime verification remain pending.
